How new perspective on leadership relates to the various types Essay

How new viewpoint on initiative identifies with the different kinds - Essay Example Another idea that Nonaka and Takeuchi examined in the meeting is the idea of â€Å"phronesis† or handy insight. Phronesis is â€Å"the propensity for settling on the correct choices and taking the correct activities in setting, and steady quest for greatness for the basic good† (Nonaka and Takeuchi, Wise Leadership, 2011). They went on further to state that phronesis can be developed through close human connections. This new point of view on administration is a lot of identified with the past ideas of initiative. Different articles on administration in the course book likewise bolstered the possibility of Nonaka and Takeuchi about being a moral chief. The articles on the course reading likewise underlined that pioneers must have an energy to do right. This also was upheld by Nonaka and Takeuchi when they referenced the significance of having an ethical reason and doing what is useful for society. The six capacities of an astute pioneer which were counted in Nonakaâ€⠄¢s and Takeuchi’s article are steady and entwined with the â€Å"Seven Habits of Ethical Leaders† taken up in the course reading readings. The main capacity of an insightful pioneer is that he can pass judgment on goodness. In like manner, a moral head has an enthusiasm to do right and understand the significance of morals in the dynamic procedure.

Kilns In Japan essays

Ovens In Japan expositions There are a wide range of kinds of furnaces on the planet. To determine a couple, there are electric furnaces, ovens that utilization oil, gas, coal or propane as fuel, and there are wood consuming furnaces. The strategy used to fire the potter incredibly impacts the aftereffects of that terminating. For instance, in the event that a potter needed normal debris coats, at that point the best sort of oven would be a wood-consuming one, on the grounds that the debris would join to a piece, liquefy onto it, and make a coating that is difficult to achieve some other way. Much of the time, the kind of furnace utilized is similarly as significant as the materials that go into it. The Japanese accept that solitary 85% of the terminating procedure is constrained by them, the other 15% is up to the Kama No Kami; the furnace god. The oven god controls such things as the climate, the earth of the furnace, and the state of the wood being terminated. In the event that the terminating turns out badly, at that point it is on the grounds that the furnace god was not satisfied with the potters. Typically, before a terminating, the potters penance something to the furnace god as an end-result of blessed result. In Japan, there are a wide range of sorts of customary ovens being utilized; in any case, there are two furnaces that are most prized. The Anagama furnace and the Naborigama oven are the two most esteemed ovens. Their usefulness is mind boggling, and they have been around for quite a while. Prior to the Anagama or Naborigama furnace, the Japanese technique for terminating bits of earthenware was straightforward. They utilized open pits, outside campfires, and wherever that could support a generous measure of warmth. These bits of ceramics were known as low-terminated stoneware, in light of the fact that the temperature of their terminating as a rule never surpassed around 700 degrees. The Jomon and Yayoi styles of ceramics are connected to these techniques for terminating. The Anagama oven is the most established style of furnace in Japan, and was the main wood consuming oven to be utilized. It was initially from Korea, and was presented ... <!

The Colon Messenger at the Court of the King

The Colon Messenger at the Court of the King The colon (:) is one of my favourite forms of punctuation in the English language. In a sense, this is because it always serves as a threshold or introduction to information that complements the previous sentence. It also acts as a convenient bridge to bulleted items, quotation marks, and small but relevant details that expand or amplify the content of the previous sentence. It is important to remember that, formally, you should use colons only after complete sentences; furthermore, the colon is always substitutable by the words namely, or that is; so, if namely or that is fits perfectly at the end of the first part of your sentence, so will the colon. It is important to remember that the colon is a pause before introducing more elements relating to the previous sentence. Let us take an example. You want to describe your experience skydiving today, so you write,I felt so many emotions while plummeting to earth from the wing strut of an airplane today.That is a sentence on its own, bu t if you want to elaborate, you write,I experienced so many sensations when I was plummeting to earth from the wing strut of an airplane today: exhilaration, fear, and absolute wonder.In this case, the colon lays out the red carpet for more information about skydiving. And notice that the colon can be substituted by the word namely. Of course, the colon would not work if your sentence was incomplete; for instance,When I am plummeting to earth from the wing strut of an airplane:That is not a sentence, so Mr. Colon has no right to be there!Introducing the next visitorIn the book, Punctuate It Right (which I discovered while reading Grammar Girl), the author calls the colon a mark of expectation. I regard it as the messenger of the Kings court, blowing his trumpet as a signal announcing the arrival of an important visitor. Although those visitors might only be a basket of groceries or camping accessories, their introduction is important and, in the context of the colon, neat and presen table.I bought some interesting things for my trip to the bush today: a lion-proof tent, some sedatives, and a satellite phone in case we are surrounded by elephants and need to be evacuated by helicopter.Notice again, that you can substitute namely for the colon.To cap or not to capA common confusion that results from the use of the colon is when to capitalize the first word following a colon and when not to. When a single independent clause follows a sentence, you dont need to capitalize the first word following the colon (unless it is a Proper noun). For example,I experienced many sensations plummeting to earth without a parachute today: loathing, fear, dread, and panic.However, when you use two or more sentences after a colon you would capitalize the first letter of the first words starting each sentence. For example,Three thoughts went through my mind as I was plummeting to earth without a parachute today: First, what is my family going to do without me? Second, what will I loo k like when I hit the ground? Third, why did I take up parachuting in the first place?Emphasizing a pointAn understated attribute of the colon is its usefulness in adding emphasis to a point made in the opening sentence. This is illustrated by the following sentences, where the second part of each sentence is clearly the one that needs emphasis.If you are scuba diving 40 meters under the ocean and you start panicking, it is essential to remember three things: stop, breathe, and look around.The doctor was clear in his message about his patients obesity: if you continue overeating, you will die.Colons and quotationsColons are also very useful as precursors to quotations. When introducing a quotation, such as He said, She stated, or The Minster intoned the common practice in US English is to use a comma. For example,He said, I am going to Starbucks today,She said, I discovered an archaeological ruin today.However, a colon can be used when preceded by an independent clause, one that ser ves as a sentence on its own. For example, the first part of the following sentence is an independent clause, so a colon would follow it.Responding to the judges question in court, the accused stammered: I dont remember, MLord.However, if the sentence was transposed and started with a quotation then the quotation would always be closed with a comma, for example,I dont remember, the accused stammered,Colons and listsColons are also popular in introducing vertical lists or bulleted items. A typical example would be the following:The research article made three important findings regarding risk factors facing the US population:Heart disease kills about 610,000 people every yearCancer claims the lives of 592,000 Americans every year; andLower respiratory disease claims 147,000 American lives annuallyIt is important to remember that a colon should always follow text introducing bulleted or otherwise listed items. There has been much discussion around whether to capitalize bulleted items after a colon. The rule of thumb is this: If the text following the bullet forms a complete sentence, it should begin with a capital letter; lowercase can be used if it does not, but often this rule is flexible according to the author or relevant style books preference. Technically, a period should be placed at the end of a bulleted phrase or sentence, but this rule is flexible and is also at the authors discretion. When using bullets in association with colons, the bulleted items should ideally be kept short for more impact and easy reading. Elaboration of such bulleted items can be made in subsequent paragraphs.Spacing after colonsA question often asked in using colons is the number of spaces that should be placed after a colon. The short answer is one. In the days of typewriters, two spaces were used, but now one is standard around the world.DashesSome writers seem to prefer using dashes instead of colons. For example,The skier recorded the fastest time in the eventâ€"25 minutes and three seconds.A colon can just as easily be used in this context, and often the authors personal choice wins the day here. However, it is important to remember that a colon can never be used to introduce a phrase unrelated to the first part of the sentence. For example,Mrs. Jones brought a long list of items at Walmart: thinking of the housework.That, of course would have to be,Mrs. Jones brought a long list of items at Walmart: oranges, pears, lentils, rice, potatoes, and assorted cookware. Afterwards she went home.In the first sentence, the second independent clause is not related to the first; in the second example, it is.Multiple other uses of the colonColons also serve an important role in the English language as separators in references and book titles, in the use of times, and to separate main titles from subsidiary titles. Here are a few book titles examples:On the Campaign Trail: A politicians personal odyssey to the White House.Hatha Yoga: A handbook for personal chang e.Colons are also used in bibliographies and references to separate cities and publishers. They are also used in ratios, particularly mathematical ratios, in model building, and in equations, where they are often used to denote a ratio, such as 10:1 (ten to one). The colon is also often used in business letter addresses, and, in US English, to separate hours and minutes.Abbreviated listsWhile the general rule is to use a colon only after a sentence, there is flexibility in the sense that people using abbreviated lists may use a colon after just one or two words. For instance, in an agenda for a business meeting, a colon may be used after the time and a single/double word description. For example,9 am: Introductory speech: State of the Economy10 am: Discussion: History and Future Trends11 am: Closing speech: Acknowledging hosts.In the above example, the colon facilitates the brevity of the meetings format and serves as a perfect bridge between the time, the subject (not a full senten ce), and the following phrase. Similarly, to accentuate items on an itinerary, a travel organizer may write:Monday, October 10: Beijing; Tuesday October 11: New Delhi; Wednesday, October 12, New York.Essential rulesSome useful rules to follow when using colons are: Do not use a list following a verb or preposition. For example, you would not say,I can play: the flute, the guitar, and bagpipes.You would rather say,I can play the flute, the guitar, and bagpipes.Some people make the mistake of using a colon after a preposition. A typical example would be,The dinner consisted of: a main course and a dessert.Rather, you would say,The dinner consisted of a main course and dessert.Another important rule is never to use a colon after the words include, including, or included. For example, you would not write:The flowers I saw during my walk today included: hyacinths, roses, and poppies.Instead, you would say,The flowers I saw during my walk today included hyacinths, roses, and poppies.Anoth er important rule to consider is that a colon may be used instead of a semicolon to separate two independent clauses, when both clauses are sentences in their own right. For example,The law is very clear on this matter: throw stones at your neighbors greenhouse, and you will go to jail.Some purists argue that when the second clause forms a sentence, then the first letter of that sentence should be capitalized… e.g., Throw stones… However, there is flexibility in the English language and whether to capitalize depends on the authors preference (mine would be lower case). Another rule is that if a quote is followed by two or more sentences, a colon would be preferable. For example,The tycoon said: Work until you can work no more. Focus on the goals you wish to achieve. Be honest at all times.In academic writing, a colon is often used to introduce long tracts of information or long quotations. In these instances, the text following the colon is usually indented half an inch on the l eft and right margins. Heres an example:Dylan Thomas, the author of Under Milkwood, started his book with the following paragraph:To begin at the beginning:It is Spring, moonless night in the small town, starless and bible-black, the cobblestreets silent and the hunched, courters-and- rabbits wood limping invisible down to the sloeblack, slow, black, crowblack, fishingboat-bobbing sea. The houses are blind as moles (though moles see fine to-night in the snouting, velvet dingles) or blind as Captain Cat there in the muffled middle by the pump and the town clock, the shops in mourning, the Welfare Hall in widows weeds. And all the people of the lulled and dumbfound town are sleeping now.To summarise, the colon is an excellent bridge-building punctuation mark that serves both as a threshold to further elaboration of ideas or as a door that offers an opening to quotation marks, lists, bulleted items, ratios, and references. It is easy to use and works to simplify even the most complex p resentations or dissertations into incisive, easy-to-read prose.

What Are Monomorphemic Words

In English grammar and morphology, a monomorphemic word is a word that contains just one morpheme (that is, a word element). Contrast with polymorphemic (or multimorphemic)  word--that is, a word made up of more than one morpheme. The word dog, for example, is a monomorphemic word because it cant be broken down into smaller meaningful units, only into sound segments. Another name for monomorphemic is simplex. Note that monomorphemic words are not necessarily the same as monosyllabic words. For example, the two-syllable words maple and plastic are monomorphemic words. Examples and Observations An important initial distinction is between monomorphemic words and complex words. As the name implies, monomorphemic words are composed of only a single morpheme or meaningful unit. Examples . . . include friar, sad, and deer: at least in modern English, these words are unanalysable units, and if we understand them it must either be because they are stored as meaningful units in our memory or because a given context in which they appear makes their meaning obvious.(Philip Durkin, The Oxford Guide to Etymology. Oxford University Press, 2009)English has borrowed the Russian compound samovar, which consists of the [Russian] morphemes sam self and varit to cook. This compound has entered English without any morphological decomposition: samo and var are meaningless in English, and samovar is thus a simplex word. This shows that morphological rather than etymological criteria should be used when defining complex words . . ..(Maria Braun, Word-Formation and Creolisation: The Case of Early Sranan. Dissertation Università ¤t Siegen. Walter de Gruyter, 2009)An adult speaker of English knows on the order of 10,000 monomorphemic words and 100,000 words total . . ..(Janet B. Pierrehumbert, Probabilistic Phonology: Discrimination and Robustness. Probabilistic Linguistics, ed. by Rens Bod, Jennifer Hay, and Stefanie Jannedy. The MIT Press, 2003) Morphemes and Syllables Be sure not to confuse morphemes with syllables; Mississippi has more than one syllable but is only a single morpheme, at least to speakers who are unaware that its origin, or etymology, is that it comes from the Ojibwa  big river. English speakers know that miss and sip in this word are not related to the English uses of those words. Words can be monomorphemic, or  made up of a single morpheme, such as car and brown, or polymorphemic, made up of more than one morpheme, such as  grammaticality, anthropomorphic, linguistics, and racehorse. Other examples of monomorphemic words (with more than one syllable) are paper, pizza, Google, river, and catapult (in this last word, cat is a syllable but not a morpheme--it is not related to the feline).(Kristin Denham and Anne Lobeck,  Linguistics for Everyone: An Introduction, 2nd ed. Wadsworth, Cengage, 2013) Language Acquisition and Monomorphemic Words Brown [A First Language, 1973] emphasized the idea that language development can be predicted by linguistic complexity, with more complex forms acquired after less complex forms. Of particular relevance . . . is his finding that the words produced by children early in their language development are monomorphemic, that is, unmarked by inflections or other bound morphemes, but that subsequently those words become increasingly marked by inflectional suffixes when required by context. Thus, Browns research is consistent with the proposition that the words used by children in the first years of language development become increasingly morphologically complex. (Jeremy M. Anglin, Vocabulary Development: A Morphological Analysis. University of Chicago Press, 1993) Pronunciation: mah-no-mor-FEEM-ik word

Suddenly Teens Pregnancy Is Cool - 3668 Words

When Jamie Lynn Spears, the 16-year-old sister of Britney, announced that she was pregnant last month in OK!, the magazine sold a record two million copies and had to run a second printing of the issue to keep up with demand. How could a wealthy preteen idol with her own hit Nickelodeon show, and the good sister to her chaotic older kin, be just several months away from adolescent, out-of-wedlock motherhood? I didnt believe it because Jamie Lynns always been so conscientious. Shes never late for her curfew, lamented mother Lynne Spears. She got over the shock in a week, and then Jamie Lynn, ever conscientious, notified the press that she would be having, keeping and raising the baby with her mama in Louisiana. Im just trying to do†¦show more content†¦Its part of a larger revisioning of motherhood: queer mothers, old mothers, young mothers. That wasnt possible 20 years ago. Suffice to say, the rising American teen birth rate in 2006 is something of an eye-opener. Between 1991 and 2005, the United States saw a 34 per cent decrease in the birth rate among those aged 15 to 19. But in 2006, that relatively steady decline was reversed. Suddenly, among 15- to 17-year-olds, the rate was up three per cent to 22 babies per 1,000 females, and 18- and 19-year-olds jumped four per cent to 73 births for every 1,000. That took us by surprise, admits Stephanie J. Ventura, head of the reproductive statistics branch at NCHS. And the rise was spread over almost every ethnic group except for Asians; births among black, native, Hispanic and white teenagers rose. While no specific data was collected on the income of teen mothers, Albert says that with three in 10 girls getting pregnant by age 20, you realize this is not [just] poor folk. The problem is spread wide. In England and Wales, the birth rate per 1,000 females under age 20 rose to 45.5 in 2006 compared to 44.8 the year before. Not a huge leap, but its already one of the highest rates in the developed world. The United Nations last comprehensive tally of G8 countries, from 2004, showed the U.K. has the third-highest teen birth rate, with 26.8 births per 1,000, slightly lower than Russia (28.2) and well above Japan (5.6), France (7.8),Show MoreRelatedTeen Pregnancy1732 Words   |  7 PagesSuddenly teen pregnancy IS cool? 1. Teen pregnancy is up partly because there is less of a stigma associated with teen pregnancy since there is more of a cultural permission to be a younger mother. The rise is also partly due to the portrayal of celebrity teens such as Jamie Lynn Spears in the media and other cultural shifts, giving teens the idea that having a baby is the new handbag. 2. The reason the authors use allusion in the first paragraph is to show the readers that teen pregnancyRead MoreEssay on Analysis of Article on Teen Pregnancy1691 Words   |  7 PagesSuddenly teen pregnancy IS cool? 1. Teen pregnancy is up partly because there is less of a stigma associated with teen pregnancy since there is more of a cultural permission to be a younger mother. The rise is also partly due to the portrayal of celebrity teens such as Jamie Lynn Spears in the media and other cultural shifts, giving teens the idea that having a baby is the new handbag. 2. The reason the authors use allusion in the first paragraph is to show the readers that teen pregnancyRead MoreModern Teenage Issues: Sex, Drugs and Alcohol Essay984 Words   |  4 Pagesthe party came to an end, people left me and the guy had decided to crash there. That night we ended up having sex, we use a condom but the condom broke. A few weeks later I found out I was pregnant at 16, the guy ran out and wasnt there for the pregnancy nor the birth of his son.† This story is one of the millions of stories that teenagers are able to share with their friends at the lunch table every year. Although not every story may be as extreme, the partying that teenagers are involved in isRead More Views on Teens Pregnancies Through the Years Essay844 Words   |  4 PagesThe Views on Teens Pregnancies Through the Years There are many different attributes to teenage pregnancy. The majority of teenagers do not realize the consequences of their actions. Taking that into consideration the influences of the teens are highly important during the pre teen stage all the way to adult hood. During the time of this impressionable stage many of the teens are having sex not because of love, but because it is a trend. The media is glamorizing teen pregnancy and leading to a culturalRead MoreSex Education : The Role Of Humor, Social Justice, By Nancy Goldman1540 Words   |  7 Pageslive politically. Americans are becoming more aware of teen pregnancy because in certain states they are allowed to learn about some specific topics only. However, some states try to avoid teaching sex ed. John Oliver talks about a few different aspects of sex and how the American sex system is broken because the lack of education about sexual intercourse. He talks about how the students can’t get a proper education which lead s to pregnancy, but he is trying to find other ways to fully educate kidsRead More Teaching Morality More Important than Sex Education in Public Schools2259 Words   |  10 Pagesfact is, contraception is societys attempt at a quick fix for a problem that runs far deeper than the issue of teen sex.   In the debate over the best safe sex, educators and parents must consider not only the health issues, but must also reevaluate the morality of the nations young people. Leafing through Planned Parenthoods literature on abortion, contraception, and teen sex, it becomes obvious that Planned Parenthood promotes contraception education, and opposes abstinence education:  Read MoreAdolescent Years1927 Words   |  8 Pagesdepending on the type of culture in which it occurs. Adolescence is somewhere between childhood and adulthood. It is filled with constant change, uncertainty, but it can be wonderful and full of expectation. Everything a child learned to believe is suddenly challenged. One day you are a cute child that everybody seemed to adore, and the next day your skin and body are changing. While the physical changes of puberty are an important indicator of adolescent development, many other kinds of changes alsoRead MoreMr. Right?1574 Words   |  7 PagesWas I too young to feel this way? I was a freshman in high school when we first met. Well when we actually started talking to each other. I had seen him a couple of times at a local club we all used to hang out at when they had teen night. We thought we were so cool getting to go in that place. They would serve non-alcoholic beverages in these martini cups. Everyone would be walking around holding these glasses like they were really drinking mixed drinks or something. It was kind of neat thoughRead MoreEssay about Divorce and the Decline of Morality1820 Words   |  8 Pageshigher than that of previous decades. There are so many issues today that contribute to divorce than had existed in the past. Take teen pregnancy, for instance. It is alarming that so many of our children are having children themselves. They feel they must get married at fifteen and sixteen because it is whats right for the baby. Needless to say, most teen marriages under these circumstances usually end in divorce. What kind of life is this for a child? What kind of values will they learnRead MoreDescribe How Both the Police and the Courts Decide Matters Relating to the Granting of Bail Since the Bail Act 19766016 Words   |  25 Pagescomfortable * Why is it called menu why cant it be called womenu huh I hate men -_- * If I had  £1 for every time someone called me beautiful, id have  £2, thanks mum and James Blunt * You offer someone a sincere compliment on their mustache and suddenly shes not your friend any more * My girl caught me blowing my dick with the hair dryer, and asked what I was doing? Apparently ‘heating your dinner’ wasn’t a good answer * #imagine Harry shaking your parents hand and telling them he’ll look

Reflective Draft Free Essays

Through the activities was undertaken in class about negotiation, I realized that different negotiation tactics have crucial impact on negotiation in the workplace. In the activities, I was assigned to play the role of manager (Dale Williams). I need to persuade two of my subordinates to wear safety glasses. We will write a custom essay sample on Reflective Draft or any similar topic only for you Order Now I use pressure to told Taylor she should allow the principle of company, if she doesn’t wear safety galsses, she will be fired. I give her pressure. she wants keep her job, finally, we were got a deal. And she is unhappy. In the second turn, I changed my way of talking to Chris Johnson. First I show my care of her, I asked her do u have problems of your eyes. Then I tell her experience of J. B. Harris. J. B. Harris was suffered a serious accident in another division. And she missed six weeks of work after an eye injury. If don’t wear safety glasses when work, it is easy to have risk to hurt eyes. Finally , we got a deal, and she is happy this time.. contrast these same situation but different experience and different tactics I used. I realized that the first time I used of fear to evoke a desired response from Taylor. It is nor effective. when I want to negotiation and get a deal. the better way and easy way is show my sympathy and worry first . it is easy let people can accept. KNOW:::From the aactivity, I know effective and good communication is an essentially significant source of negotiation power. A good communicator can manager a group or an organization easily. At the same time, it also can improve the pproduactivity of work.. on occasion, good communication is not easy. It needs people who . In fact, from this role play, I also know listening is very important. For example, Obama is good at motivation , when listen his speech, I always full of energy. And willing to accepet what he present. I realize the barriers existed in the process of negotiation. In this process, my parten is from indonisia as Pat Taylor. but I come from Chian. When we communicate, we have language barri. She have been this comapy for 20 years, More than me. She is the informal leaders of the group of more experienced employeers. I wanna she can tell me more about her experience. But she The tutor teach us types of influence tactics. Power used well achieves effective communication and positive results. Negotiating power is the ability of the negotiator to influene the behavior of another. What actions do you plan to take based on what you learnt? did you discover that a particular influence tactic is more/less effective and therefore are you likely to use this tactic in future negotiations? What did you learn about your natural preferences for influencing tactics based on? the aactivity? you might have felt more comfortable using ‘rationality’ and less comfortable using one or more other tactics. How to cite Reflective Draft, Essays

Skin detection free essay sample

IntroductionSkin detection is perhaps the most widely used primitive in human image processing research. Skin detection mostly used as a primary step in various human concerned image processing applications. Skin detection is method of discriminating human skin pixel from non-skin pixels in an image or video [1]. It is one of the prominent research area in human computer interaction, face detection, face tracking [2, 3], gesture recognition [4], computational health informatics, web content filtering and many more. Skin detection is used as a cue for detecting people in real life images. The main challenge is to make skin detection robust to the large variations in appearance that can occur. However, there are various factors that make skin detection challenging. Among them variations in illumination, various ethnicity people with many skin tones, presence or absence of shadows in an image or videos, various background color and objects including wood, cloths and their similarity to skin, human hair with different variations and their resemblance to skin color, using makeup that changes the natural skin color and different camera characteristics make skin detection problem hard. We will write a custom essay sample on Skin detection or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Efficient handling of aforementioned challenges demands a model that is capable of differentiate skin and non-skin pixels. But until now that seems not to be achieved. In this thesis, a skin detection model is proposed which can overcome the challenges and perform better in real world skin detection problem.Researchers have been working tirelessly to find a technique which will be able to detect skin in spite of present challenges. However, Skin detection problem can be considered a binary classification problem, meaning, a pixel can be classified whether it is a skin pixel or not. There are mainly two types of skin detection, either pixel based or region based. In pixel based detection, a pixel is classified compared with its neighbor either as a skin pixel or not. Skin detection that is based on various color spaces are an example for this type of detection. In other hand, region based skin detection focus on spatially arrangement of skin pixel with additional information of intensity and texture. However, Vezhnevets et al. [5], Kakumanu et al. [6], and Phung et al. [7] has conducted surveys about skin color modeling and skin segmentation based on color information in different color spaces. Phung has discovered that skin detection accuracy does not depend on choice of color space or color quantization bin sizes. Besides for skin segmentation a few researchers have also used texture [8, 9, 10] or shape [11] information in combination with color-based methods. Wavelets, contourlets [12, 13], and textons are among the textural features that have been used in conjunction with color cues. Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) received mentionable amount of attractions for image classification and object detection. So, there was some approach to classify and pixel-wise prediction using deep neural network architecture. This CNN method outperforms hand crafted threshold based method. But CNN does not work well defining relationship between pixel and its neighbors. Since skin pixels are located close to each other spatially, CNN lacks the desired performances. For all of this previous work, color cues have provided the dominant source of information. In spite of the emphasis on color-based analysis, a considerable number of applications will benefit from a system that can perform skin detection in the absence of color cues. Moreover, previously mentioned approaches heavily depend on color information that can lead to incorrect detection. Despite of the fact that there are various methods are present, it is tough to pick one which would project good accuracy in various conditions. So, it is worth looking to a new technique for better performance.The purpose of this study is to find a skin detection method which does not relay on any predefined thresholds. A skin detection technique must be robust in spite of varying conditions. Moreover, the proposed technique needs to be tested and experimentally evaluated to establish its reliability. The primary contributions of the work areI. Proposed method take advantage of broad spectrum of LAB color space and separate illumination by considering only A and B components. It ensures the pixels characteristics without being biased of light presenceII. K-means clustering is used for clustering. The main challenge for an unsupervised learning is to automatically define number of clusters. Features in images varied greatly and number of cluster should be defined dynamically. This challenge was solved in this study by considering largest areas of connected objects.III. For region growing, seeding points are crucial. Hence, by clustering further it can be ensuring that seeding points obviously belongs to skin pixels. Moreover, standard deviation of only skin pixels is calculated which group maximum skin pixel and provide correct region of Interest of an image.Chapter 02Literature ReviewIn this section, some related works are discussed that is relevant to the study. The first part is skin detection methods followed by the clustering technique used in this study and a cluster validation index. Various methods have been proposed for skin detection. In term of technical merit, they can be divided into two broad categories- statistical based method and dynamic adaptive method [14, 15]. Statistical method relays on skin features that can be derived from training sample [16]. Researchers first try to get the color features of skin pixels for a skin classifier. This approaches used a threshold for various basic color spaces. Moreover, there are many color space available- Basic color space, perceptual color space, Orthogonal color space and perceptually uniform color spaces.2.1 Color Spaces in Skin DetectionColor space is a 3D space with axes appropriately defined for all possible human perceptions. Among different color spaces, some of them are imaging device depended and not close to human vision. This color spaces are modified for digital applications. However, color is not directly utilized in various skin detection methods but it affect the performance of a skin detection algorithm. Albiol et al. [17] has mathematically showed that, skin detection performance is independent from choice of color space. As mentioned earlier, device depended color spaces are popular among researchers for skin detection.RGB is a color space that is derived from the cathode ray tube display and as the name suggests, it comprise with three color-red, green and blue. Brand, J and Mason [18] , Jones and Regh [19], Caetano and Barone[20], Oliver et al. [21], Kim et al. [22], Schwerdt and Crowley [23], Sebe et al. [24], Storring et al. [25],Wang and Sung [26], Yang and Ahuja [27],Yang et al. [28] , used RGB color space for skin detection. But high correlations between channels is a drawback of this color space with mixing chrominance and luminance portion. However, some approaches take the advantage of normalized RGB. In normalized RGB, all the channel valus are normalized. As the sum of all the channels are known, then the third component can be avoided. This technique reduces space dimensionality. Brightness of source RGB deeply depends on red and green channel and normalization can separate it. So, for matte surface the ambient light can be ignored and normalized RGB remain constant for the changes in surface [29]. These advantages attract many researchers on color space based skin detections [30, 31]. But normalized RGB color space suffers from uneven illuminations. CIE (Commission Internationale de lEclairage) system represent the color space with Y as luminance. CIE-XYZ was developed from a psychological experiment and it is close to human visual system [32].Besides, various device dependent color spaces are used for TV transmission and digital photography. The orthogonal color space family includes well-known color spaces such as YCbCr, YCgCr, YDbDr, YPbPr, YIQ and YUV. In these color spaces, unlike the RGB, the luminance channel is separated from chrominance resulting a very tight pseudo-ellipse skin cluster. Due to the particular features of these color spaces such as separation of luminance-chrominance channels, relatively simple RGB conversion and relatively tight skin cluster, orthogonal color models have been frequently used in skin segmentation [33-36]. Perceptual color spaces such as HSI, HSV, HSB, HSL and TSL are very attractive color spaces in skin detection literature. In these color models, each pixel is presented by Hue (tint or color), Intensity (lightness) and Saturation associated with physiological feeling of human [37].An artist idea of using saturation, tint and tone was taken into account. These concepts introduce HSV color space where hue (H) defines the most dominant color of a concern area, saturation represent colorfulness with respect to brightness. However, intensity, lightness or value/ variance defines luminance. The capability of intuitive of color components and ability to distinguish between luminance and chrominance make it popular for skin detection. HSV color space is used by Garcia and Tziritas [38], McKenna et al. [39], Saxe and Foulds, [40], Sobottka and Pitas [41], Thu et al. [42], Wang and Yuan [43], Zhu et al. [44]. Various characteristics of hue- invariant to highlights at white light sources, matte surfaces to ambient light and surface orientation for light source was discussed at [45]. However, Poynton [46] mentions some shortcomings like- discontinuation of hue and brightness computation complexity with color vision properties. Moreover, logarithmic transformation based HS named as Fleck HS introduced by Fleck and used by Zarit [47] .A similar color space named as TSL-tint, saturation and Lightness.